Process for the preparation of l-amino acids using strains of the enterobacteriaceae family which contain an enhanced soda gene

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in which the following steps are carried out: a) fermentation of microorganisms of the  Enterobacteriaceae  family which produce the desired L-amino acid and in which at least the sodA gene, or the nucleotide sequence which codes for this, is enhanced, in particular over-expressed, b) concentration of the desired L-amino acid in the medium or in the cells of the bacteria, and c) isolation of the desired L-amino acid.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a process for the fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, using strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family in which at least the sodA gene is enhanced.

PRIOR ART

L-Amino acids, in particular L-threonine, are used in human medicine and in the pharmaceuticals industry, in the foodstuffs industry and very particularly in animal nutrition.

It is known to prepare L-amino acids by fermentation of strains of Enterobacteriaceae, in particular Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Serratia marcescens. Because of their great importance, work is constantly being undertaken to improve the preparation processes. Improvements to the process can relate to fermentation measures, such as e.g. stirring and supply of oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient media, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during the fermentation, or the working up to the product form, by e.g. ion exchange chromatography, or the intrinsic output properties of the microorganism itself.

Methods of mutagenesis, selection and mutant selection are used to improve the output properties of these microorganisms. Strains which are resistant to antimetabolites, such as e.g. the threonine analogue α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid (AHV), or are auxotrophic for metabolites of regulatory importance and produce L-amino acid, such as e.g. L-threonine, are obtained in this manner.

Methods of the recombinant DNA technique have also been employed for some years for improving the strain of strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family which produce L-amino acids, by amplifying individual amino acid biosynthesis genes and investigating the effect on the production.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to provide new measures for improved fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a process for the fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, using microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family which in particular already produce L-amino acids and in which at least the nucleotide sequence which codes for the sodA gene is enhanced.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Where L-amino acids or amino acids are mentioned in the following, this means one or more amino acids, including their salts, chosen from the group consisting of L-asparagine, L-threonine, L-serine, L-glutamate, L-glycine, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-tryptophan and L-arginine. L-Threonine is particularly preferred.

The term “enhancement” in this connection describes the increase in the intracellular activity of one or more enzymes or proteins in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by increasing the number of copies of the gene or genes, using a potent promoter or a gene or allele which codes for a corresponding enzyme or protein with a high activity, and optionally combining these measures.

By enhancement measures, in particular over-expression, the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein is in general increased by at least 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400% or 500%, up to a maximum of 1000% or 2000%, based on that of the wild-type protein or the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism.

The process comprises carrying out the following steps:

-   -   a) fermentation of microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae         family in which at least the sodA gene is enhanced,     -   b) concentration of the corresponding L-amino acid in the medium         or in the cells of the microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae         family, and     -   c) isolation of the desired L-amino acid, constituents of the         fermentation broth and/or the biomass in its entirety or         portions (>0 to 100%) thereof optionally remaining in the         product.

The microorganisms which the present invention provides can produce L-amino acids from glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, optionally starch, optionally cellulose or from glycerol and ethanol. They are representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family chosen from the genera Escherichia, Erwinia, Providencia and Serratia. The genera Escherichia and Serratia are preferred. Of the genus Escherichia the species Escherichia coli and of the genus Serratia the species Serratia marcescens are to be mentioned in particular.

Suitable strains, which produce L-threonine in particular, of the genus Escherichia, in particular of the species Escherichia coli, are, for example

-   -   Escherichia coli TF427     -   Escherichia coli H4578     -   Escherichia coli KY10935     -   Escherichia coli VNIIgenetika MG442     -   Escherichia coli VNIIgenetika M1     -   Escherichia coli VNIIgenetika 472T23     -   Escherichia coli BKIIM B-3996     -   Escherichia coli kat 13     -   Escherichia coli KCCM-10132.

Suitable L-threonine-producing strains of the genus Serratia, in particular of the species Serratia marcescens, are, for example

-   -   Serratia marcescens HNr21     -   Serratia marcescens TLr156     -   Serratia marcescens T2000.

Strains from the Enterobacteriaceae family which produce L-threonine preferably have, inter alia, one or more genetic or phenotypic features chosen from the group consisting of: resistance to α-amino-β-hydroxyvaleric acid, resistance to thialysine, resistance to ethionine, resistance to α-methylserine, resistance to diaminosuccinic acid, resistance to α-aminobutyric acid, resistance to borrelidin, resistance to rifampicin, resistance to valine analogues, such as, for example, valine hydroxamate, resistance to purine analogues, such as, for example, α-dimethylaminopurine, a need for L-methionine, optionally a partial and compensatable need for L-isoleucine, a need for meso-diaminopimelic acid, auxotrophy in respect of threonine-containing dipeptides, resistance to L-threonine, resistance to L-homoserine, resistance to L-lysine, resistance to L-methionine, resistance to L-glutamic acid, resistance to L-aspartate, resistance to L-leucine, resistance to L-phenylalanine, resistance to L-serine, resistance to L-cysteine, resistance to L-valine, sensitivity to fluoropyruvate, defective threonine dehydrogenase, optionally an ability for sucrose utilization, enhancement of the threonine operon, enhancement of homoserine dehydrogenase I-aspartate kinase I, preferably of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of homoserine kinase, enhancement of threonine synthase, enhancement of aspartate kinase, optionally of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, enhancement of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, optionally of the feed back resistant form, enhancement of phosphoenol pyruvate synthase, enhancement of transhydrogenase, enhancement of the RhtB gene product, enhancement of the RhtC gene product, enhancement of the YfiK gene product, enhancement of a pyruvate carboxylase, and attenuation of acetic acid formation.

It has been found that microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family produce L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in an improved manner after enhancement, in particular over-expression, of the sodA gene.

The nucleotide sequences of the genes of Escherichia coli belong to the prior art and can also be found in the genome sequence of Escherichia coli published by Blattner et al. (Science 277: 1453-1462 (1997)).

The following information, inter alia, on the sodA gene is known from the prior art: Description: Superoxide dismutase EC No. 1.15.1.1 Reference: Touati; Journal of Bacteriology 155(3): 1078-1087 (1983); Schrum and Hassan; Free Radical Biology and Medicine 17(3): 209-213 (1994); Benov and Fridovich; Archieves of Biochemistry and Biophysics 322(1): 291-294 (1995) Accession No.: AE000465

The nucleic acid sequences can be found in the databanks of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md., USA), the nucleotide sequence databank of the European Molecular Biologies Laboratories (EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany or Cambridge, UK) or the DNA databank of Japan (DDBJ, Mishima, Japan).

The genes described in the text references mentioned can be used according to the invention. Alleles of the genes which result from the degeneracy of the genetic code or due to “sense mutations” of neutral function can furthermore be used.

To achieve an enhancement, for example, expression of the genes or the catalytic properties of the proteins can be increased. The two measures can optionally be combined.

To achieve an over-expression, the number of copies of the corresponding genes can be increased, or the promoter and regulation region or the ribosome binding site upstream of the structural gene can be mutated. Expression cassettes which are incorporated upstream of the structural gene act in the same way. By inducible promoters, it is additionally possible to increase the expression in the course of fermentative L-threonine production. The expression is likewise improved by measures to prolong the life of the m-RNA. Furthermore, the enzyme activity is also increased by preventing the degradation of the enzyme protein. The genes or gene constructs can either be present in plasmids with a varying number of copies, or can be integrated and amplified in the chromosome. Alternatively, an over-expression of the genes in question can furthermore be achieved by changing the composition of the media and the culture procedure.

Instructions in this context can be found by the expert, inter alia, in Chang and Cohen (Journal of Bacteriology 134: 1141-1156 (1978)), in Hartley and Gregori (Gene 13:347-353 (1981)), in Amann and Brosius (Gene 40: 183-190 (1985)), in de Broer et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80: 21-25 (1983)), in LaVallie et al. (BIO/TECHNOLOGY 11: 187-193 (1993)), in PCT/US97/13359, in Llosa et al. (Plasmid 26:222-224 (1991)), in Quandt and Klipp (Gene 80: 161-169 (1989)), in Hamilton et al. (Journal of Bacteriology 171: 4617-4622 (1989)), in Jensen and Hammer (Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58: 191-195 (1998)) and in known textbooks of genetics and molecular biology.

Plasmid vectors which are capable of replication in Enterobacteriaceae, such as e.g. cloning vectors derived from pACYC184 (Bartolomé et al.; Gene 102: 75-78 (1991)), pTrc99A (Amann et al.; (Gene 69: 301-315 (1988)) or pSC101 derivatives (Vocke and Bastia; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (21): 6557-6561 (1983)) can be used. A strain transformed with a plasmid vector, where the plasmid vector carries at least the sodA gene, or the nucleotide sequence which codes for this, can be employed in a process according to the invention.

It is also possible to transfer mutations which affect the expression of the particular gene into various strains by sequence exchange (Hamilton et al.; Journal of Bacteriology 171: 4617-4622 (1989)), conjugation or transduction.

It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, with strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family, in addition to enhancement of the sodA gene, for one or more enzymes of the known threonine biosynthesis pathway or enzymes of anaplerotic metabolism or enzymes for the production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or enzymes of glycolysis or PTS enzymes or enzymes of sulfur metabolism to be enhanced.

Thus, for example, at the same time one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of

the thrABC operon which codes for aspartate kinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765),

the pyc gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum which codes for pyruvate carboxylase (WO 99/18228),

the pps gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate synthase (Molecular and General Genetics 231(2): 332-336 (1992)),

the ppc gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (Gene 31: 279-283 (1984)),

the pntA and pntB genes which code for transhydrogenase (European Journal of Biochemistry 158: 647-653 (1986)),

the rhtB gene which imparts homoserine resistance (EP-A-0 994 190),

the mqo gene which codes for malate:quinone oxidoreductase (WO 02/06459),

the rhtC gene which imparts threonine resistance (EP-A-1 013 765),

the thrE gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum which codes for the threonine export protein (WO 01/92545),

the gdhA gene which codes for glutamate dehydrogenase (Nucleic Acids Research 11: 5257-5266 (1983); Gene 23:199-209 (1983)),

the hns gene which codes for the DNA-binding protein HLP-II (Molecular and General Genetics 212: 199-202 (1988)),

the pgm gene which codes for phosphoglucomutase (Journal of Bacteriology 176: 5847-5851 (1994)),

the fba gene which codes for fructose biphosphate aldolase (Biochemical Journal 257: 529-534 (1989)),

the ptsH gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for the phosphohistidine protein hexose phosphotransferase of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 16241-16253 (1987)),

the ptsI gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 16241-16253 (1987)),

the crr gene of the ptsHIcrr operon which codes for the glucose-specific IIA component of the phosphotransferase system PTS (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 16241-16253 (1987)),

the ptsG gene which codes for the glucose-specific IIBC component (Journal of Biological Chemistry 261: 16398-16403 (1986)),

the lrp gene which codes for the regulator of the leucine regulon (Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 10768-10774 (1991)),

the mopB gene which codes for 10 Kd chaperone (Journal of Biological Chemistry 261: 12414-12419 (1986)) and is also known by the name groES,

the ahpC gene of the ahpCF operon which codes for the small sub-unit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 7617-7621 (1995)),

the ahpF gene of the ahpCF operon which codes for the large sub-unit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 7617-7621 (1995)),

the cysK gene which codes for cysteine synthase A (Journal of Bacteriology 170: 3150-3157 (1988)),

the cysB gene which codes for the regulator of the cys regulon (Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 5999-6005 (1987)),

the cysJ gene of the cysJIH operon which codes for the flavoprotein of NADPH sulfite reductase (Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15796-15808 (1989), Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15726-15737 (1989)),

the cysI gene of the cysJIH operon which codes for the haemoprotein of NADPH sulfite reductase (Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15796-15808 (1989), Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15726-15737 (1989)),

the cysH gene of the cysJIH operon which codes for adenylyl sulfate reductase (Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15796-15808 (1989), Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 15726-15737 (1989)),

the phoB gene of the phoBR operon which codes for the positive regulator PhoB of the pho regulon (Journal of Molecular Biology 190 (1): 37-44 (1986)),

the phoR gene of the phoBR operon which codes for the sensor protein of the pho regulon (Journal of Molecular Biology 192 (3): 549-556 (1986)),

the phoE gene which codes for protein E of the outer cell membrane (Journal of Molecular Biology 163 (4): 513-532 (1983)),

the malE gene which codes for the periplasmic binding protein of maltose transport (Journal of Biological Chemistry 259 (16): 10606-10613 (1984)),

the pykF gene which codes for fructose-stimulated pyruvate kinase I (Journal of Bacteriology 177 (19): 5719-5722 (1995)),

the talB gene which codes for transaldolase B (Journal of Bacteriology 177 (20): 5930-5936 (1995)),

the rseA gene of the rseABC operon which codes for a membrane protein with anti-sigmaE activity (Molecular Microbiology 24 (2): 355-371 (1997)),

the rseC gene of the rseABC operon which codes for a global regulator of the sigmaE factor (Molecular Microbiology 24 (2): 355-371 (1997)),

the pfkB gene which codes for 6-phosphofructokinase II (Gene 28 (3): 337-342 (1984)),

the sucA gene of the sucABCD operon which codes for the decarboxylase sub-unit of 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (European Journal of Biochemistry 141 (2): 351-359 (1984)),

the sucB gene of the sucABCD operon which codes for the dihydrolipoyltranssuccinase E2 sub-unit of 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (European Journal of Biochemistry 141 (2): 361-374 (1984)),

the sucC gene of the sucABCD operon which codes for the β-sub-unit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (Biochemistry 24 (22): 6245-6252 (1985)) and

the sucD gene of the sucABCD operon which codes for the α-sub-unit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (Biochemistry 24 (22): 6245-6252 (1985)),

can be enhanced, in particular over-expressed.

It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in addition to enhancement of the sodA gene, for one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of

the tdh gene which codes for threonine dehydrogenase (Journal of Bacteriology 169: 4716-4721 (1987)),

the mdh gene which codes for malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.37) (Archives in Microbiology 149: 36-42 (1987)),

the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) yjfA (Accession Number AAC77180 of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA)),

the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) ytfP (Accession Number AAC77179 of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, Md., USA)),

the pckA gene which codes for the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (Journal of Bacteriology 172: 7151-7156 (1990)),

the poxB gene which codes for pyruvate oxidase (Nucleic Acids Research 14(13): 5449-5460 (1986)),

the aceA gene which codes for the enzyme isocitrate lyase (Journal of Bacteriology 170: 4528-4536 (1988)),

the dgsA gene which codes for the DgsA regulator of the phosphotransferase system (Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59: 256-251 (1995)) and is also known under the name of the mlc gene,

the fruR gene which codes for the fructose repressor (Molecular and General Genetics 226: 332-336 (1991)) and is also known under the name of the cra gene and

the rpoS gene which codes for the sigma³⁸ factor (WO 01/05939) and is also known under the name of the katF gene,

to be attenuated, in particular eliminated or for the expression thereof to be reduced.

The term “attenuation” in this connection describes the reduction or elimination of the intracellular activity of one or more enzymes (proteins) in a microorganism which are coded by the corresponding DNA, for example by using a weak promoter or a gene or allele which codes for a corresponding enzyme with a low activity or inactivates the corresponding enzyme (protein) or gene, and optionally combining these measures.

By attenuation measures, the activity or concentration of the corresponding protein is in general reduced to 0 to 75%, 0 to 50%, 0 to 25%, 0 to 10% or 0 to 5% of the activity or concentration of the wild-type protein or of the activity or concentration of the protein in the starting microorganism.

It may furthermore be advantageous for the production of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, in addition to enhancement of the sodA gene, to eliminate undesirable side reactions (Nakayama: “Breeding of Amino Acid Producing Microorganisms”, in: Overproduction of Microbial Products, Krumphanzl, Sikyta, Vanek (eds.), Academic Press, London, UK, 1982).

The microorganisms produced according to the invention can be cultured in the batch process (batch culture), the fed batch process (feed process) or the repeated fed batch process (repetitive feed process). A summary of known culture methods is described in the textbook by Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einführung in die Bioverfahrenstechnik [Bioprocess Technology 1. Introduction to Bioprocess Technology (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook by Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen [Bioreactors and Peripheral Equipment] (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).

The culture medium to be used must meet the requirements of the particular strains in a suitable manner. Descriptions of culture media for various microorganisms are contained in the handbook “Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology” of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981).

Sugars and carbohydrates, such as e.g. glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, molasses, starch and optionally cellulose, oils and fats, such as e.g. soya oil, sunflower oil, groundnut oil and coconut fat, fatty acids, such as e.g. palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, alcohols, such as e.g. glycerol and ethanol, and organic acids, such as e.g. acetic acid, can be used as the source of carbon. These substances can be used individually or as a mixture.

Organic nitrogen-containing compounds, such as peptones, yeast extract, meat extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya bean flour and urea, or inorganic compounds, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, can be used as the source of nitrogen. The sources of nitrogen can be used individually or as a mixture.

Phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as the source of phosphorus. The culture medium must furthermore comprise salts of metals, such as e.g. magnesium sulfate or iron sulfate, which are necessary for growth. Finally, essential growth substances, such as amino acids and vitamins, can be employed in addition to the abovementioned substances. Suitable precursors can moreover be added to the culture medium. The starting substances mentioned can be added to the culture in the form of a single batch, or can be fed in during the culture in a suitable manner.

Basic compounds, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or aqueous ammonia, or acid compounds, such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid, can be employed in a suitable manner to control the pH of the culture. Antifoams, such as e.g. fatty acid polyglycol esters, can be employed to control the development of foam. Suitable substances having a selective action, e.g. antibiotics, can be added to the medium to maintain the stability of plasmids. To maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, such as e.g. air, are introduced into the culture. The temperature of the culture is usually 25° C. to 45° C., and preferably 30° C. to 40° C. Culturing is continued until a maximum of L-amino acids or L-threonine has formed. This target is usually reached within 10 hours to 160 hours. The analysis of L-amino acids can be carried out by anion exchange chromatography with subsequent ninhydrin derivation, as described by Spackman et al. (Analytical Chemistry 30: 1190-1206 (1958)), or it can take place by reversed phase HPLC as described by Lindroth et al. (Analytical Chemistry 51: 1167-1174 (1979)).

The process according to the invention is used for the fermentative preparation of L-amino acids, such as, for example, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-homoserine and L-lysine, in particular L-threonine.

The present invention is explained in more detail in the following with the aid of embodiment examples.

The minimal (M9) and complete media (LB) for Escherichia coli used are described by J. H. Miller (A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics (1992), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). The isolation of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli and all techniques of restriction, ligation, Klenow and alkaline phosphatase treatment are carried out by the method of Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Unless described otherwise, the transformation of Escherichia coli is carried out by the method of Chung et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86: 2172-2175 (1989)).

The incubation temperature for the preparation of strains and transformants is 37° C.

EXAMPLE 1

Construction of the Expression Plasmid pTrc99AsodA

The sodA gene from E. coli K12 is amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and synthetic oligonucleotides. Starting from the nucleotide sequence of the sodA gene in E. coli K12 MG1655 (Accession Number AE000465, Blattner et al. (Science 277: 1453-1462 (1997)), PCR primers are synthesized (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany). The sequences of the primers are modified such that recognition sites for restriction enzymes are formed. The recognition sequence for XbaI is chosen for the sodA1 primer and the recognition sequence for HindIII for the sodA2 primer, which are marked by underlining in the nucleotide sequence shown below: sodA1: (SEQ ID No. 1) 5′ - CGCGGCATCTAGAATCTGACGCCCGACAATAC - 3′ sodA2: (SEQ ID No. 2) 5′ - CGCCTCATTGAAGCTTGCGGCAAATG - 3′

The chromosomal E. coli K12 MG1655 DNA employed for the PCR is isolated according to the manufacturer's instructions with “Qiagen Genomic-tips 100/G” (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). A DNA fragment approx. 700 bp in size can be amplified with the specific primers under standard PCR conditions (Innis et al. (1990) PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press) with Pfu-DNA polymerase (Promega Corporation, Madison, USA).

The PCR product is ligated according to the manufacturer's instructions with the vector pCR-Blunt II-TOPO (Zero Blunt TOPO PCR Cloning Kit, Invitrogen, Groningen, The Netherlands) and transformed into the E. coli strain TOP10. Selection of plasmid-carrying cells takes place on LB agar, to which 50 μg/ml kanamycin are added. After isolation of the plasmid DNA, the vector pCR-Blunt II-TOPO-sodA is cleaved with the restriction enzymes HindIII and XbaI and, after separation in 0.8% agarose gel, the sodA fragment is isolated with the aid of the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). The vector pTrc99A (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) is cleaved with the enzymes HindIII and XbaI and ligation is carried out with the sodA fragment isolated.

The E. coli strain XL1-Blue MRF' (Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) is transformed with the ligation batch and plasmid-carrying cells are selected on LB agar, to which 50 μg/ml ampicillin are added. Successful cloning can be demonstrated after plasmid DNA isolation by control cleavage with the enzymes BglI, Eco91I and PvuII. The plasmid is called pTrc99AsodA (FIG. 1).

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of L-Threonine With the Strain MG442/pTrc99AsodA

The L-threonine-producing E. coli strain MG442 is described in the patent specification U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765 and deposited as CMIM B-1628 at the Russian National Collection for Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM, Moscow, Russia).

The strain MG442 is transformed with the expression plasmid pTrc99AsodA described in example 1 and with the vector pTrc99A and plasmid-carrying cells are selected on LB agar with 50 μg/ml ampicillin. The strains MG442/pTrc99AsodA and MG442/pTrc99A are formed in this manner. Selected individual colonies are then multiplied further on minimal medium with the following composition: 3.5 g/l Na₂HPO₄*2H₂O, 1.5 g/l KH₂PO₄, 1 g/l NH₄Cl, 0.1 g/l MgSO₄*7H₂O, 2 g/l glucose, 20 g/l agar, 50 mg/l ampicillin. The formation of L-threonine is checked in batch cultures of 10 ml contained in 100 ml conical flasks. For this, 10 ml of preculture medium of the following composition: 2 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1 g/l KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/l MgSO₄*7H₂O, 15 g/l CaCO₃, 20 g/l glucose, 50 mg/l ampicillin are inoculated and the batch is incubated for 16 hours at 37° C. and 180 rpm on an ESR incubator from Kühner AG (Birsfelden, Switzerland).

250 μl portions of this preculture are transinoculated into 10 ml of production medium (25 g/l (NH₄)₂SO₄, 2 g/l KH₂PO₄, 1 g/l MgSO₄*7H₂O, 0.03 g/l FeSO₄*7H₂O, 0.018 g/l MnSO₄*1H₂O, 30 g/l CaCO₃, 20 g/l glucose, 50 mg/l ampicillin) and the batch is incubated for 48 hours at 37° C. The formation of L-threonine by the starting strain MG442 is investigated in the same manner, but no addition of ampicillin to the medium takes place. After the incubation the optical density (OD) of the culture suspension is determined with an LP2W photometer from Dr. Lange (Düsseldorf, Germany) at a measurement wavelength of 660 nm.

The concentration of L-threonine formed is then determined in the sterile-filtered culture supernatant with an amino acid analyzer from Eppendorf-BioTronik (Hamburg, Germany) by ion exchange chromatography and post-column reaction with ninhydrin detection.

The result of the experiment is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 OD Strain (660 nm) L-Threonine g/l MG442 5.6 1.4 MG442/pTrc99A 3.8 1.3 MG442/pTrc99AsodA 3.9 2.3

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

FIG. 1: Map of the plasmid pTrc99AsodA containing the sodA gene.

The length data are to be understood as approx. data. The abbreviations and designations used have the following meaning:

Amp: Ampicillin resistance gene

lacI: Gene for the repressor protein of the trc promoter

Ptrc: trc promoter region, IPTG-inducible

sodA: Coding region of the sodA gene

5S: 5S rRNA region

rrnBT: rRNA terminator region

The abbreviations for the restriction enzymes have the following meaning

BglI: Restriction endonuclease from Bacillus globigii (ATCC 49760)

Eco91I: Restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli RFL 91

HindIII: Restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus influenzae

PvuII: Restriction endonuclease from Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315)

XbaI: Restriction endonuclease from Xanthomonas campestris 

1. A process for the preparation of L-amino acids, in particular L-threonine, which comprises carrying out the following steps: a) fermentation of microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family which produce the desired L-amino acid and in which at least the sodA gene, or the nucleotide sequence which codes for this, is enhanced, in-particular over-expressed, b) concentration of the desired L-amino acid in the medium or in the cells of the microorganisms, and c) isolation of the desired L-amino acid, constituents of the fermentation broth and/or the biomass in its entirety or portions (>0 to 100%) thereof optionally remaining in the product.
 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein microorganisms in which further genes of the biosynthesis pathway of the desired L-amino acid are additionally enhanced are employed.
 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein microorganisms in which the metabolic pathways which reduce the formation of the desired L-amino acid are at least partly eliminated are employed.
 4. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the expression of the polynucleotide which codes for the sodA gene is increased.
 5. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the regulatory and/or catalytic properties of the polypeptide (protein) for which the polynucleotide sodA codes are improved or increased.
 6. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein, for the preparation of L-amino acids, microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family in which in addition at the same time one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of: 6.1 the thrABC operon which codes for aspartate kinase, homoserine dehydrogenase, homoserine kinase and threonine synthase, 6.2 the pyc gene which codes for pyruvate carboxylase, 6.3 the pps gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate synthase, 6.4 the ppc gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, 6.5 the pntA and pntB genes which code for transhydrogenase, 6.6 the rhtb gene which imparts homoserine resistance, 6.7 the mqo gene which codes for malate:quinone oxidoreductase, 6.8 the rhtC gene which imparts threonine resistance, 6.9 the thrE gene which codes for the threonine export protein, 6.10 the gdhA gene which codes for glutamate dehydrogenase, 6.11 the hns gene which codes for the DNA-binding protein HLP-II, 6.12 the pgm gene which codes for phosphoglucomutase, 6.13 the fba gene which codes for fructose biphosphate aldolase, 6.14 the ptsH gene which codes for the phosphohistidine protein hexose phosphotransferase, 6.15 the ptsI gene which codes for enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system, 6.16 the crr gene which codes for the glucose-specific IIA component, 6.17 the ptsG gene which codes for the glucose-specific IIBC component, 6.18 the lrp gene which codes for the regulator of the leucine regulon, 6.19 the mopB gene which codes for 10 Kd chaperone, 6.20 the ahpc gene which codes for the small sub-unit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, 6.21 the ahpF gene which codes for the large sub-unit of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, 6.22 the cysk gene which codes for cysteine synthase A, 6.23 the cysB gene which codes for the regulator of the cys regulon, 6.24 the cysJ gene which codes for the flavoprotein of NADPH sulfite reductase, 6.25 the cysI gene which codes for the haemoprotein of NADPH sulfite reductase, 6.26 the cysH gene which codes for adenylyl sulfate reductase, 6.27 the phoB gene which codes for the positive regulator PhoB of the pho regulon, 6.28 the phoR gene which codes for the sensor protein of the pho regulon, 6.29 the phoE gene which codes for protein E of outer cell membrane, 6.30 the malE gene which codes for the periplasmic binding protein of maltose transport 6.31 the pykF gene which codes for fructose-stimulated pyruvate kinase I, 6.32 the talB gene which codes for transaldolase B, 6.33 the rseA gene which codes for a membrane protein which acts as a negative regulator on sigmaE activity, 6.34 the rseC gene which codes for a global regulator of the sigmaE factor, 6.35 the pfkB gene which codes for 6-phosphofructokinase II, 6.36 the sucA gene which codes for the decarboxylase sub-unit of 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 6.37 the sucB gene which codes for the dihydrolipoyltranssuccinase E2 sub-unit of 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 6.38 the sucC gene which codes for the β-sub-unit of succinyl-CoA synthetase, 6.39 the sucD gene which codes for the α-sub-unit of succinyl-CoA synthetase, is or are enhanced, in particular over-expressed, are fermented.
 7. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein, for the preparation of L-amino acids, microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family in which in addition at the same time one or more of the genes chosen from the group consisting of: 7.1 the tdh gene which codes for threonine dehydrogenase, 7.2 the mdh gene which codes for malate dehydrogenase, 7.3 the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) yjfA, 7.4 the gene product of the open reading frame (orf) ytfP, 7.5 the pckA gene which codes for phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, 7.6 the poxB gene which codes for pyruvate oxidase, 7.7 the aceA gene which codes for isocitrate lyase, 7.8 the dgsA gene which codes for the DgsA regulator of the phosphotransferase system, 7.9 the fruR gene which codes for the fructose repressor, 7.10 the rpoS gene which codes for the sigma³⁸ factor is or are attenuated, in particular eliminated or reduced in expression, are fermented. 